FUNDAMERCED

lunes, 26 de noviembre de 2012

BULLYING: La intimidación y el acoso escolar en Sudáfrica






 Bullying on the playground
 Ilse Pauw, Health24 (updated July 2007)

      For thousands of children, the school is a battleground where they are subjected to physical or verbal abuse by fellow students.  The issue has received much media attention in the last decade and many anti-bullying campaigns have made their way onto television screens and onto social media sites. 
     This video clip about anti-bullying focuses on how children can support each other in the face of bullying without making it worse.


  

      Bullying is an age-old and worldwide problem and only one form of school violence. Because of the misperception that bullying is just a part of the process of growing up, many children keep quiet about abuse and many educators fail to take action. This is in spite of the fact that it can have negative lifelong social, emotional, psychological and educational consequences, both for perpetrators and for their victims.
Bullying in South Africa
    Until recently, not much was known about the extent and type of bullying in South African schools. A study conducted in Gauteng found that 60,9% of the 207 study participants reported that they were victimised during the 2002 school year.
    In another study, Corene de Wet of the University of the Free State surveyed 339 learners in Free State secondary schools. She found that only 29,2% and 32,15% of the school children surveyed, had never been exposed to direct or indirect verbal abuse respectively. As many as 32,45% had been physically abused by fellow learners.
     In a separate study on educators' experience of bullying, she not only found that educators frequently witnessed bullying, but that they themselves were often abused by learners.
      Bullying can have serious consequences for both the victim and the perpetrator. Victims often refuse to go to school or steer clear of certain areas of the school terrain. They struggle with poor self-esteem and can become depressed and withdrawn. In serious cases of bullying, victims have committed suicide or have even murdered their victims.
     Some studies have shown that bullying also has harmful long-term effects on the bully. Bullies often become involved in criminal activies later in life and struggle to form positive relationships with others.
What is bullying?
         Bullying can be defined as intentional, repeated, systematic hurtful acts, words or other behaviour by an individual or individuals against another individual or individuals.
      It can take many forms. Common examples include:
  • Physical bullying includes punching, poking, strangling, hair-pulling, beating, biting, excessive tickling and direct vandalism.
  • Verbal bullying includes such acts as hurtful name-calling, persistent teasing, gossiping and racist remarks.
  • Relational bullying occurs when the victim is deliberately excluded from activities.
  • Emotional bullying includes terrorising, extorting, defaming, humiliating, blackmailing, rating/ranking of personal characteristics such as race, disability or ethnicity, manipulating friendships, ostracising and peer pressure.
  • Sexual bullying includes many of the above as well as exhibitionism, sexual positioning, sexual harassment and abuse involving actual physical contact and sexual assault.
Helping the victim
       According to De Wet, many victims are hesitant to tell parents or educators that they are being victimised for fear of retaliation by the bully or other classmates who may regard the disclosure as tale-telling. If the abuse is serious or if it has taken place over a long time, many hide it from their parents for fear of upsetting them. She found that most learners prefer to take fellow learners rather than adults into their confidence.
       Many witnesses also ignore and keep quiet about abuse for fear that they themselves might become victims. As a result, educators and parents often don't know that someone is being bullied.
       Several other researchers and educators worldwide encourage schools to promote an atmosphere of caring by adopting an anti-bullying programme. Educators, learners and parents should be involved in compiling and implementing the programme. The aims of the programme should be to:
  • raise awareness
  • improve peer relationships
  • encourage learners to disclose abuse and to stand up against bullies
  • develop rules to prevent bullying
  • decide on disciplinary steps
Is your child being bullied?
       Look out for these warning signs:
  • Coming home with cuts and bruises
  • Torn clothes
  • Asking for stolen possessions to be replaced
  • "Losing" dinner money
  • Falling out with previously good friends
  • Being moody and bad tempered
  • Being quiet and withdrawn
  • Wanting to avoid leaving the house
  • Aggression with siblings
  • Doing less well at schoolwork
  • Insomnia
  • Anxiety and/or depression
- Ilse Pauw, Health24 (updated July 2007)
References:
De Wet NC 2006. Free State educators' experiences and recognition of bullying at schools. South African Journal of Education, 26(1):61-73.
De Wet NC 2006. Bullebakkery - almal se probleem. Tydskrif vir Geesteswetenskappe, 64(1):87-100.
Neser J, Ovens M, Van der Merwe E, Morodi R & Ladikos A 2003. Peer victimization in schools: the victims. Crime Research in South Africa, 5(1). Available url.: http://www.crisa.org.za/
Neser J, Ovens M, Van der Merwe M, Morodi R, Ladikos A & Prinsloo J 2004. The victims of bullying in schools. Acta Criminologica, 17(3):28-47.


 Fuente:  http://www.health24.com/child/Difficult_issues/833-861,36766.asp




Intimidación en el patio de recreo
Ilse Pauw, Health24 (Actualizado Julio 2007)

     Durante miles de niños, la escuela es un campo de batalla donde son sometidos a abuso físico o verbal por sus compañeros. El tema ha recibido mucha atención de los medios en la última década y muchos anti-bullying campañas se han abierto camino en las pantallas de televisión y en los sitios de medios sociales.
     Este video clip sobre anti-bullying se centra en cómo los niños pueden apoyarse mutuamente en la cara de la intimidación sin que sea peor.
    La intimidación es un problema antiguo y en todo el mundo y sólo una forma de violencia escolar. Debido a la percepción errónea de que la intimidación es sólo una parte del proceso de crecer, muchos niños guardar silencio sobre los abusos y muchos educadores no toman acción. Esto es a pesar del hecho de que puede tener consecuencias negativas para toda la vida social, emocional, psicológico y educativo, tanto para los autores como para sus víctimas.
La intimidación en el sur de África
     Hasta hace poco, no se sabía mucho sobre el grado y tipo de acoso en las escuelas sudafricanas. Un estudio realizado en Gauteng encontró que 60,9% de los 207 participantes en el estudio informaron de que fueron víctimas durante el año escolar 2002.
    En otro estudio, Corene Wet, de la Universidad del Estado Libre de encuestaron 339 estudiantes en las escuelas públicas secundarias Libres. Ella encontró que sólo el 29,2% y el 32,15% de los niños de las escuelas encuestadas, nunca habían estado expuestos a abuso verbal directa o indirecta, respectivamente. Hasta el 32,45% habían sido maltratadas físicamente por otros estudiantes.
    En un estudio separado en la experiencia de los educadores de la intimidación, no sólo encontró que los educadores frecuentemente presenciado la intimidación, sino que ellos mismos fueron abusados ​​a menudo por los estudiantes.
    La intimidación puede tener consecuencias graves tanto para la víctima y el agresor. Las víctimas a menudo se niegan a ir a la escuela o mantenerse alejado de ciertas áreas del terreno de la escuela. Ellos luchan con una baja autoestima y pueden deprimirse o retirados. En los casos graves de acoso escolar, las víctimas se han suicidado o que incluso han asesinado a sus víctimas.
    Algunos estudios han demostrado que la intimidación también tiene efectos dañinos a largo plazo sobre el agresor. Los intimidadores a menudo se involucren en activies criminales más adelante en la vida y la lucha para establecer relaciones positivas con los demás.
¿Qué es el bullying?
     La intimidación puede ser definido como intencionales, actos reiterados y sistemáticos hirientes, palabras u otra conducta por parte de un individuo o individuos en contra de otro individuo o individuos.
     Se puede tomar muchas formas. Los ejemplos más comunes incluyen:
  • Acoso físico incluye golpear, picar, estrangular, jalar el pelo, golpear, morder, cosquilleo excesivo y el vandalismo directa.
  • Intimidación verbal incluye actos tales como hirientes insultos, burlas, chismes persistente y comentarios racistas.
  • Relational intimidación ocurre cuando la víctima es deliberadamente excluida de las actividades.
  • Intimidación emocional incluye aterrorizar, extorsionar, difamar, humillar, chantajear, la calificación / clasificación de las características personales como la raza, la discapacidad o el origen étnico, las amistades manipulación, desterrar y presión de grupo.
  • Acoso sexual incluye muchas de las anteriores, así como el exhibicionismo, la posición sexual, el acoso y el abuso sexual que implique contacto físico real y el asalto sexual.
Ayudar a la víctima
      Según De Wet, muchas víctimas no se atreven a decir a los padres o educadores que son víctimas por temor a represalias por parte del agresor o de otros compañeros que pueden considerar la revelación como historia de historias. Si el abuso es grave o si ha tenido lugar durante mucho tiempo, muchos de ocultarlo de sus padres por temor a molestar a ellos. Se encontró que la mayoría de los estudiantes prefieren tomar otros estudiantes, más que los adultos en su confianza.
    Muchos testigos también ignoran y guardar silencio sobre los abusos por temor a que ellos mismos pueden convertirse en víctimas. Como resultado de ello, los educadores y los padres a menudo no saben que alguien está siendo intimidado.
     Varios otros investigadores y educadores de todo el mundo animar a las escuelas a promover una atmósfera de cuidado mediante la adopción de un programa anti-bullying. Los educadores, los estudiantes y los padres deben participar en la elaboración y ejecución del programa. Los objetivos del programa deben ser:
  • aumentar la conciencia
  • mejorar las relaciones entre pares
  • animar a los alumnos a conocer los abusos y para hacerle frente a los matones
  • desarrollar normas para evitar la intimidación
  • decidir sobre las medidas disciplinarias
¿Está su hijo siendo intimidado?
     Esté atento a estas señales de advertencia:
  • Volver a casa con cortes y contusiones
  • Ropa rasgada
  • Pedir bienes robados a los que sustituyen
  • "Perder" el dinero cena
  • La caída de salir con los amigos antes bien
  • Estar de mal humor y mal humor
  • Estar callado y retraído
  • Queriendo evitar salir de casa
  • Agresión con hermanos
  • Si lo hace tan bien en las tareas escolares
  • Insomnio
  • La ansiedad y / o depresión
Referencias:
De Wet NC 2006. Educadores Free State 'experiencias y el reconocimiento de la intimidación en las escuelas. Sudáfrica Journal of Education, 26 (1) :61-73.
De Wet NC 2006. Bullebakkery - almal probleem se. Tydskrif vir Geesteswetenskappe, 64 (1) :87-100.
Neser J, M Hornos, Van der Merwe E, R y Morodi Ladikos A 2003. Victimización entre pares en las escuelas: las víctimas. Investigación del Delito en el sur de África, 5 (1). Disponible Url:. Http://www.crisa.org.za/
Neser J, M Hornos, Van der Merwe M, Morodi R, Ladikos A & J Prinsloo 2004. Las víctimas de la intimidación en las escuelas. Acta Criminológica, 17 (3) :28-47. 

Fuente:  http://www.health24.com/child/Difficult_issues/833-861,36766.asp

BULLYING: Campaña Antibullying Sudafricana


No to bullying, sexual violence in schools
South Africa.info
18 June 2012
 
     A campaign to encourage South Africans, especially pupils, to take a stand against bullying and sexual violence at schools was launched in Soweto on Youth Day.
     The campaign will encourage pupils and teachers across the country to take the "Ubuntu Pledge" to uphold the values of South Africa's Constitution, including human dignity, non-racism and non-sexism.
    By taking the pledge, South Africans will also commits to fostering "an atmosphere of mutual respect both inside and outside of the classroom," to embrace "boldness, loyalty and honesty" - and to report any wrongdoing.
    A partnership between Proudly South African, the Department of Basic Education and the Department of Women, Children and People With Disabilities, the campaign was prompted by the raping of a Soweto girl by a group of youngster in April, an incident which drew nationwide condemnation.
    Speaking at Saturday's launch, Proudly South African CEO Leslie Sedibe said South Africans should not accept "abhorrent crimes as a way of life in our country.
   "It goes against every gain of our humanity," Sedibe said, adding that people needed to send a message to young people that abuse and violence was not acceptable and would not be tolerated.
    Also speaking at the launch, Deputy Basic Education Minister Enver Surty said young South Africans should take the lead of the 1976 generation, who had pride in themselves and stood up for what they believed in.
    Celebrities such as Yvonne Chaka Chaka, PJ Powers, Baby Jake Matlala, and Miss SA Teen Celeste Khumalo, have joined as partners in the national campaign, and will serve as role models during visits to schools around the country.
    Other partners of the national campaign include the National Prosecuting Authority, the Film and Publication Board, Crime Line, POWA, Princess of Africa Foundation, SHOUT, Orlando Pirates Football Club, Zinto Activation Group, and the International Federation of Christian Churches.

Source: BuaNews

FUENTE:  http://www.southafrica.info/services/rights/ubuntu-pledge.htm#.ULPV112dZkg









No a la intimidación, la violencia sexual en las escuelas
18 de junio 2012
       Una campaña para alentar a los sudafricanos, especialmente los alumnos, a tomar una posición contra el acoso y la violencia sexual en las escuelas de Soweto fue lanzada en el Día de la Juventud.
      La campaña exhortará a los alumnos y profesores de todo el país para tomar la "Promesa Ubuntu" a promover los valores de la Constitución de Sudáfrica, entre ellos la dignidad humana, la no-racismo y el sexismo no.
      Al tomar el juramento, los sudafricanos también se compromete a promover "un ambiente de respeto mutuo, tanto dentro como fuera del aula," abrazar "la audacia, la lealtad y la honestidad" - e informar cualquier irregularidad.
      Una asociación entre orgullo de Sudáfrica, el Departamento de Educación Básica y el Departamento de la Mujer, la Infancia y las Personas con Discapacidad, la campaña fue motivada por la violación de una niña de Soweto por un grupo de joven en abril, un incidente que provocó la condena a nivel nacional.
       Hablando en el lanzamiento del sábado, con orgullo sudafricano CEO Leslie Sedibe dijo que los sudafricanos no deben aceptar los "crímenes abominables como una forma de vida en nuestro país."
       "Va en contra de todo aumento de nuestra humanidad", dijo Sedibe, y agregó que la gente necesita para enviar un mensaje a los jóvenes que el abuso y la violencia no es aceptable y no lo tolerará.
       También intervino en la presentación, el diputado ministro de Educación Básica, dijo Enver Surty jóvenes sudafricanos deberían asumir el liderazgo de la generación de 1976, que tuvo el orgullo en sí mismos y se puso de pie por lo que creían pulg     ..    .. . .    
        Celebridades como Yvonne Chaka Chaka, Powers PJ,  Baby Jake Matlala, y la Miss South Africa Teen Celeste Khumalo, se han unido como socios en la campaña nacional, y servirán como modelos a seguir durante las visitas a las escuelas de todo el país.
       Otros socios de la campaña nacional incluyen la Fiscalía Nacional, el cine y la Junta de Publicaciones, Crime Line, POWA, Princesa de la Africa Foundation,  SHOUT, Orlando Pirates Football Club, Grupo ZINTO Activation, y la Federación Internacional de Iglesias Cristianas.
Fuente: BuaNews
FUENTE:  http://www.southafrica.info/services/rights/ubuntu-pledge.htm#.ULPV112dZkg 

BULLYING EN LA INDIA: RAGGING, A GROWING MENACE

Ragging – Rising, Raging, Rocketing



Abhirup Bhunia

       Ragging is a growing menace that would eventually intensify furthermore unless the HRD ministry takes up the issue more seriously, and forms harsher anti-ragging laws. There has been an Aman Kachroo (a 19 year old Delhi Public School student who had taken admission in Dr Rajendra Prasad Medical College, Tanda, in Kangra, Himachal Pradesh last year and met with a horrible death due to ragging by the drunk seniors who are training to be doctors), there will be more if mere spectatorship and indifference continues.
     Originally, to rag was to make fun of someone; but that was the ragging was essentially confined to non-violent activities. Ragging, commonly known as ‘hazing’ in USA, in this day and age, has reached terrible heights and assumed vast proportions and rightly qualifies to be a crime. There had been a recent uproar in medical students being ragged and a peculiar link to the movie ‘3 Idiots’ was raked up. And that was it…The hullabaloo died out. On January 4th reports of those 18 medical students charged of ragging being let off with a rupees 5000 bond, surfaced.
      Reportedly, only 60% of the ragging that takes place, reaches the ears of the college authorities; and if such is the case, perhaps 40% of the total gets reported to courts, police and most importantly, the public – needless to say institute authorities like to keep themselves aloof of controversy and taint.
     The evil of ragging has resulted in many students being permanently disturbed, mentally or/and physically.  There is a common belief that the ordeal is over once the incident gets over; that is anything but true. Sexual ragging amounts to almost 33% of the ragging that takes place in institutes today, and there have been instances when the one subject to such experiences faced lasting effects.
      Noted doctor of psychiatry, Dr Samir Parikh said to a journalist, who was filing a report on the issue, some years ago, “Sexual ragging has an impact on the psyche as sexual self-esteem is a very important part of a young adult’s life. The memories of the incident can impinge on the long-term social and sexual life of the victim”. Now since this is the real world and to expect a Ranchod (3 idiots, Aamir Khan) here would be foolery, juniors by and large give in to these transient monstrous seniors. The most grotesque form is the one that has the sexual overtone but other forms of ragging have serious effects too. “Verbal insults, innuendoes and harassment are the kinds that can totally ruin a student’s personality. So, these should be thrown out of the system”, remarked Parikh.
      Reportedly there have been 88 ragging cases in 2009 alone of which 12 have resulted into death, either by suicide or as a direct consequence. What has transpired from all these is a national anti-ragging helpline, respective councils issuing circulars to colleges, a supreme court ruling, and authorities ‘condemning’ these events each time one occurs. All colleges today have an anti-ragging cell but what worries is the fact that these cells are formed by those seniors who perpetrate such episodes. Hence the idea of an anti-ragging cell is either misconstrued or not, but the plan comes to a cropper for sure.
      A few NGO’s have taken up the cause, of which the prominent ones are SAVE (Society for Abolition of Violence from Education) and CURE. More than 30 (reported) deaths have occurred in the past decade due to ragging and the figures are testimony of the jeopardy that the education system faces.
Ragging is something which is very real and happens very close to us. So all you would-be seniors (and seniors already, of course); remember:

“Ragging is NOT heroic, opposing ragging is.”


Fuente:  http://www.youthkiawaaz.com/2010/01/ragging-%E2%80%93-rising-raging-rocketing/