BULLYING: La intimidación y el acoso escolar en Sudáfrica

 Bullying on the playground

 Ilse Pauw, Health24 (updated July 2007)

      For thousands of children, the school is a battleground where they are subjected to physical or verbal abuse by fellow students.  The issue has received much media attention in the last decade and many anti-bullying campaigns have made their way onto television screens and onto social media sites. 

     This video clip about anti-bullying focuses on how children can support each other in the face of bullying without making it worse.

  

      Bullying is an age-old and worldwide problem and only one form of school violence. Because of the misperception that bullying is just a part of the process of growing up, many children keep quiet about abuse and many educators fail to take action. This is in spite of the fact that it can have negative lifelong social, emotional, psychological and educational consequences, both for perpetrators and for their victims.

Bullying in South Africa
    Until recently, not much was known about the extent and type of bullying in South African schools. A study conducted in Gauteng found that 60,9% of the 207 study participants reported that they were victimised during the 2002 school year.

    In another study, Corene de Wet of the University of the Free State surveyed 339 learners in Free State secondary schools. She found that only 29,2% and 32,15% of the school children surveyed, had never been exposed to direct or indirect verbal abuse respectively. As many as 32,45% had been physically abused by fellow learners.

     In a separate study on educators' experience of bullying, she not only found that educators frequently witnessed bullying, but that they themselves were often abused by learners.

      Bullying can have serious consequences for both the victim and the perpetrator. Victims often refuse to go to school or steer clear of certain areas of the school terrain. They struggle with poor self-esteem and can become depressed and withdrawn. In serious cases of bullying, victims have committed suicide or have even murdered their victims.

     Some studies have shown that bullying also has harmful long-term effects on the bully. Bullies often become involved in criminal activies later in life and struggle to form positive relationships with others.

What is bullying?
         Bullying can be defined as intentional, repeated, systematic hurtful acts, words or other behaviour by an individual or individuals against another individual or individuals.

      It can take many forms. Common examples include:

• Physical bullying includes punching, poking, strangling, hair-pulling, beating, biting, excessive tickling and direct vandalism.
• Verbal bullying includes such acts as hurtful name-calling, persistent teasing, gossiping and racist remarks.
• Relational bullying occurs when the victim is deliberately excluded from activities.
• Emotional bullying includes terrorising, extorting, defaming, humiliating, blackmailing, rating/ranking of personal characteristics such as race, disability or ethnicity, manipulating friendships, ostracising and peer pressure.
• Sexual bullying includes many of the above as well as exhibitionism, sexual positioning, sexual harassment and abuse involving actual physical contact and sexual assault.

Helping the victim
       According to De Wet, many victims are hesitant to tell parents or educators that they are being victimised for fear of retaliation by the bully or other classmates who may regard the disclosure as tale-telling. If the abuse is serious or if it has taken place over a long time, many hide it from their parents for fear of upsetting them. She found that most learners prefer to take fellow learners rather than adults into their confidence.

       Many witnesses also ignore and keep quiet about abuse for fear that they themselves might become victims. As a result, educators and parents often don't know that someone is being bullied.

       Several other researchers and educators worldwide encourage schools to promote an atmosphere of caring by adopting an anti-bullying programme. Educators, learners and parents should be involved in compiling and implementing the programme. The aims of the programme should be to:

• raise awareness
• improve peer relationships
• encourage learners to disclose abuse and to stand up against bullies
• develop rules to prevent bullying
• decide on disciplinary steps

Is your child being bullied?
       Look out for these warning signs:

• Coming home with cuts and bruises
• Torn clothes
• Asking for stolen possessions to be replaced
• "Losing" dinner money
• Falling out with previously good friends
• Being moody and bad tempered
• Being quiet and withdrawn
• Wanting to avoid leaving the house
• Aggression with siblings
• Doing less well at schoolwork
• Insomnia
• Anxiety and/or depression

- Ilse Pauw, Health24 (updated July 2007)

References:
De Wet NC 2006. Free State educators' experiences and recognition of bullying at schools. South African Journal of Education, 26(1):61-73.
De Wet NC 2006. Bullebakkery - almal se probleem. Tydskrif vir Geesteswetenskappe, 64(1):87-100.
Neser J, Ovens M, Van der Merwe E, Morodi R & Ladikos A 2003. Peer victimization in schools: the victims. Crime Research in South Africa, 5(1). Available url.: http://www.crisa.org.za/
Neser J, Ovens M, Van der Merwe M, Morodi R, Ladikos A & Prinsloo J 2004. The victims of bullying in schools. Acta Criminologica, 17(3):28-47.

 Fuente:  http://www.health24.com/child/Difficult_issues/833-861,36766.asp

 

Intimidación en el patio de recreo

Ilse Pauw, Health24 (Actualizado Julio 2007)

     Durante miles de niños, la escuela es un campo de batalla donde son sometidos a abuso físico o verbal por sus compañeros. El tema ha recibido mucha atención de los medios en la última década y muchos anti-bullying campañas se han abierto camino en las pantallas de televisión y en los sitios de medios sociales.
     Este video clip sobre anti-bullying se centra en cómo los niños pueden apoyarse mutuamente en la cara de la intimidación sin que sea peor.

    La intimidación es un problema antiguo y en todo el mundo y sólo una forma de violencia escolar. Debido a la percepción errónea de que la intimidación es sólo una parte del proceso de crecer, muchos niños guardar silencio sobre los abusos y muchos educadores no toman acción. Esto es a pesar del hecho de que puede tener consecuencias negativas para toda la vida social, emocional, psicológico y educativo, tanto para los autores como para sus víctimas.

La intimidación en el sur de África
     Hasta hace poco, no se sabía mucho sobre el grado y tipo de acoso en las escuelas sudafricanas. Un estudio realizado en Gauteng encontró que 60,9% de los 207 participantes en el estudio informaron de que fueron víctimas durante el año escolar 2002.

    En otro estudio, Corene Wet, de la Universidad del Estado Libre de encuestaron 339 estudiantes en las escuelas públicas secundarias Libres. Ella encontró que sólo el 29,2% y el 32,15% de los niños de las escuelas encuestadas, nunca habían estado expuestos a abuso verbal directa o indirecta, respectivamente. Hasta el 32,45% habían sido maltratadas físicamente por otros estudiantes.

    En un estudio separado en la experiencia de los educadores de la intimidación, no sólo encontró que los educadores frecuentemente presenciado la intimidación, sino que ellos mismos fueron abusados ​​a menudo por los estudiantes.

    La intimidación puede tener consecuencias graves tanto para la víctima y el agresor. Las víctimas a menudo se niegan a ir a la escuela o mantenerse alejado de ciertas áreas del terreno de la escuela. Ellos luchan con una baja autoestima y pueden deprimirse o retirados. En los casos graves de acoso escolar, las víctimas se han suicidado o que incluso han asesinado a sus víctimas.

    Algunos estudios han demostrado que la intimidación también tiene efectos dañinos a largo plazo sobre el agresor. Los intimidadores a menudo se involucren en activies criminales más adelante en la vida y la lucha para establecer relaciones positivas con los demás.

¿Qué es el bullying?
     La intimidación puede ser definido como intencionales, actos reiterados y sistemáticos hirientes, palabras u otra conducta por parte de un individuo o individuos en contra de otro individuo o individuos.

     Se puede tomar muchas formas. Los ejemplos más comunes incluyen:

• Acoso físico incluye golpear, picar, estrangular, jalar el pelo, golpear, morder, cosquilleo excesivo y el vandalismo directa.
• Intimidación verbal incluye actos tales como hirientes insultos, burlas, chismes persistente y comentarios racistas.
• Relational intimidación ocurre cuando la víctima es deliberadamente excluida de las actividades.
• Intimidación emocional incluye aterrorizar, extorsionar, difamar, humillar, chantajear, la calificación / clasificación de las características personales como la raza, la discapacidad o el origen étnico, las amistades manipulación, desterrar y presión de grupo.
• Acoso sexual incluye muchas de las anteriores, así como el exhibicionismo, la posición sexual, el acoso y el abuso sexual que implique contacto físico real y el asalto sexual.

Ayudar a la víctima
      Según De Wet, muchas víctimas no se atreven a decir a los padres o educadores que son víctimas por temor a represalias por parte del agresor o de otros compañeros que pueden considerar la revelación como historia de historias. Si el abuso es grave o si ha tenido lugar durante mucho tiempo, muchos de ocultarlo de sus padres por temor a molestar a ellos. Se encontró que la mayoría de los estudiantes prefieren tomar otros estudiantes, más que los adultos en su confianza.

    Muchos testigos también ignoran y guardar silencio sobre los abusos por temor a que ellos mismos pueden convertirse en víctimas. Como resultado de ello, los educadores y los padres a menudo no saben que alguien está siendo intimidado.

     Varios otros investigadores y educadores de todo el mundo animar a las escuelas a promover una atmósfera de cuidado mediante la adopción de un programa anti-bullying. Los educadores, los estudiantes y los padres deben participar en la elaboración y ejecución del programa. Los objetivos del programa deben ser:

• aumentar la conciencia
• mejorar las relaciones entre pares
• animar a los alumnos a conocer los abusos y para hacerle frente a los matones
• desarrollar normas para evitar la intimidación
• decidir sobre las medidas disciplinarias

¿Está su hijo siendo intimidado?
     Esté atento a estas señales de advertencia:

• Volver a casa con cortes y contusiones
• Ropa rasgada
• Pedir bienes robados a los que sustituyen
• "Perder" el dinero cena
• La caída de salir con los amigos antes bien
• Estar de mal humor y mal humor
• Estar callado y retraído
• Queriendo evitar salir de casa
• Agresión con hermanos
• Si lo hace tan bien en las tareas escolares
• Insomnio
• La ansiedad y / o depresión

Referencias:
De Wet NC 2006. Educadores Free State 'experiencias y el reconocimiento de la intimidación en las escuelas. Sudáfrica Journal of Education, 26 (1) :61-73.
De Wet NC 2006. Bullebakkery - almal probleem se. Tydskrif vir Geesteswetenskappe, 64 (1) :87-100.
Neser J, M Hornos, Van der Merwe E, R y Morodi Ladikos A 2003. Victimización entre pares en las escuelas: las víctimas. Investigación del Delito en el sur de África, 5 (1). Disponible Url:. Http://www.crisa.org.za/
Neser J, M Hornos, Van der Merwe M, Morodi R, Ladikos A & J Prinsloo 2004. Las víctimas de la intimidación en las escuelas. Acta Criminológica, 17 (3) :28-47. 

Fuente:  http://www.health24.com/child/Difficult_issues/833-861,36766.asp

BULLYING: Campaña Antibullying Sudafricana

No to bullying, sexual violence in schools

South Africa.info

18 June 2012

 

     A campaign to encourage South Africans, especially pupils, to take a stand against bullying and sexual violence at schools was launched in Soweto on Youth Day.

     The campaign will encourage pupils and teachers across the country to take the "Ubuntu Pledge" to uphold the values of South Africa's Constitution, including human dignity, non-racism and non-sexism.

    By taking the pledge, South Africans will also commits to fostering "an atmosphere of mutual respect both inside and outside of the classroom," to embrace "boldness, loyalty and honesty" - and to report any wrongdoing.

    A partnership between Proudly South African, the Department of Basic Education and the Department of Women, Children and People With Disabilities, the campaign was prompted by the raping of a Soweto girl by a group of youngster in April, an incident which drew nationwide condemnation.

    Speaking at Saturday's launch, Proudly South African CEO Leslie Sedibe said South Africans should not accept "abhorrent crimes as a way of life in our country.

   "It goes against every gain of our humanity," Sedibe said, adding that people needed to send a message to young people that abuse and violence was not acceptable and would not be tolerated.

    Also speaking at the launch, Deputy Basic Education Minister Enver Surty said young South Africans should take the lead of the 1976 generation, who had pride in themselves and stood up for what they believed in.

    Celebrities such as Yvonne Chaka Chaka, PJ Powers, Baby Jake Matlala, and Miss SA Teen Celeste Khumalo, have joined as partners in the national campaign, and will serve as role models during visits to schools around the country.

    Other partners of the national campaign include the National Prosecuting Authority, the Film and Publication Board, Crime Line, POWA, Princess of Africa Foundation, SHOUT, Orlando Pirates Football Club, Zinto Activation Group, and the International Federation of Christian Churches.

Source: BuaNews

FUENTE:  http://www.southafrica.info/services/rights/ubuntu-pledge.htm#.ULPV112dZkg

No a la intimidación, la violencia sexual en las escuelas
18 de junio 2012

       Una campaña para alentar a los sudafricanos, especialmente los alumnos, a tomar una posición contra el acoso y la violencia sexual en las escuelas de Soweto fue lanzada en el Día de la Juventud.

      La campaña exhortará a los alumnos y profesores de todo el país para tomar la "Promesa Ubuntu" a promover los valores de la Constitución de Sudáfrica, entre ellos la dignidad humana, la no-racismo y el sexismo no.

      Al tomar el juramento, los sudafricanos también se compromete a promover "un ambiente de respeto mutuo, tanto dentro como fuera del aula," abrazar "la audacia, la lealtad y la honestidad" - e informar cualquier irregularidad.

      Una asociación entre orgullo de Sudáfrica, el Departamento de Educación Básica y el Departamento de la Mujer, la Infancia y las Personas con Discapacidad, la campaña fue motivada por la violación de una niña de Soweto por un grupo de joven en abril, un incidente que provocó la condena a nivel nacional.

       Hablando en el lanzamiento del sábado, con orgullo sudafricano CEO Leslie Sedibe dijo que los sudafricanos no deben aceptar los "crímenes abominables como una forma de vida en nuestro país."

       "Va en contra de todo aumento de nuestra humanidad", dijo Sedibe, y agregó que la gente necesita para enviar un mensaje a los jóvenes que el abuso y la violencia no es aceptable y no lo tolerará.

       También intervino en la presentación, el diputado ministro de Educación Básica, dijo Enver Surty jóvenes sudafricanos deberían asumir el liderazgo de la generación de 1976, que tuvo el orgullo en sí mismos y se puso de pie por lo que creían pulg     ..    .. . .    

        Celebridades como Yvonne Chaka Chaka, Powers PJ,  Baby Jake Matlala, y la Miss South Africa Teen Celeste Khumalo, se han unido como socios en la campaña nacional, y servirán como modelos a seguir durante las visitas a las escuelas de todo el país.

       Otros socios de la campaña nacional incluyen la Fiscalía Nacional, el cine y la Junta de Publicaciones, Crime Line, POWA, Princesa de la Africa Foundation,  SHOUT, Orlando Pirates Football Club, Grupo ZINTO Activation, y la Federación Internacional de Iglesias Cristianas.

Fuente: BuaNews

FUENTE:  http://www.southafrica.info/services/rights/ubuntu-pledge.htm#.ULPV112dZkg 

BULLYING EN LA INDIA: RAGGING, A GROWING MENACE

Ragging – Rising, Raging, Rocketing

Abhirup Bhunia

       Ragging is a growing menace that would eventually intensify furthermore unless the HRD ministry takes up the issue more seriously, and forms harsher anti-ragging laws. There has been an Aman Kachroo (a 19 year old Delhi Public School student who had taken admission in Dr Rajendra Prasad Medical College, Tanda, in Kangra, Himachal Pradesh last year and met with a horrible death due to ragging by the drunk seniors who are training to be doctors), there will be more if mere spectatorship and indifference continues.

     Originally, to rag was to make fun of someone; but that was the ragging was essentially confined to non-violent activities. Ragging, commonly known as ‘hazing’ in USA, in this day and age, has reached terrible heights and assumed vast proportions and rightly qualifies to be a crime. There had been a recent uproar in medical students being ragged and a peculiar link to the movie ‘3 Idiots’ was raked up. And that was it…The hullabaloo died out. On January 4th reports of those 18 medical students charged of ragging being let off with a rupees 5000 bond, surfaced.

      Reportedly, only 60% of the ragging that takes place, reaches the ears of the college authorities; and if such is the case, perhaps 40% of the total gets reported to courts, police and most importantly, the public – needless to say institute authorities like to keep themselves aloof of controversy and taint.

     The evil of ragging has resulted in many students being permanently disturbed, mentally or/and physically.  There is a common belief that the ordeal is over once the incident gets over; that is anything but true. Sexual ragging amounts to almost 33% of the ragging that takes place in institutes today, and there have been instances when the one subject to such experiences faced lasting effects.

      Noted doctor of psychiatry, Dr Samir Parikh said to a journalist, who was filing a report on the issue, some years ago, “Sexual ragging has an impact on the psyche as sexual self-esteem is a very important part of a young adult’s life. The memories of the incident can impinge on the long-term social and sexual life of the victim”. Now since this is the real world and to expect a Ranchod (3 idiots, Aamir Khan) here would be foolery, juniors by and large give in to these transient monstrous seniors. The most grotesque form is the one that has the sexual overtone but other forms of ragging have serious effects too. “Verbal insults, innuendoes and harassment are the kinds that can totally ruin a student’s personality. So, these should be thrown out of the system”, remarked Parikh.

      Reportedly there have been 88 ragging cases in 2009 alone of which 12 have resulted into death, either by suicide or as a direct consequence. What has transpired from all these is a national anti-ragging helpline, respective councils issuing circulars to colleges, a supreme court ruling, and authorities ‘condemning’ these events each time one occurs. All colleges today have an anti-ragging cell but what worries is the fact that these cells are formed by those seniors who perpetrate such episodes. Hence the idea of an anti-ragging cell is either misconstrued or not, but the plan comes to a cropper for sure.

      A few NGO’s have taken up the cause, of which the prominent ones are SAVE (Society for Abolition of Violence from Education) and CURE. More than 30 (reported) deaths have occurred in the past decade due to ragging and the figures are testimony of the jeopardy that the education system faces.

Ragging is something which is very real and happens very close to us. So all you would-be seniors (and seniors already, of course); remember:

“Ragging is NOT heroic, opposing ragging is.”

Fuente:  http://www.youthkiawaaz.com/2010/01/ragging-%E2%80%93-rising-raging-rocketing/

BULLYING EN LA INDIA: RAGGING

I Am A FRESHER But, You Cannot RAG Me

By Mahitha Kasireddi:

        It’s that time of the year again when all the second year students in the country are for sure waiting for the freshmen to arrive.
        Each of us might have had a common experience of being freshmen on campus-excitement, anxiousness, and expectations. After being caged in the intermediate colleges for two years, where we study like never before to crack the entrance exams, it is obvious to feel as if wings are emerging from the shoulders as we look forward to join a graduation college. The most expected development to take place is to have great interactions with the earlier batches. Off course, they are the ones who will talk all ills and odds about the college, update us with rumours, college past happenings, college traditions etc.
          Butt if you are fresher let me tell you that college may not always mean fun and happiness. It gives you new fears, sleepless nights, anxiety disorders and kills your confidence totally. Yes, I am talking about the infamous social hierarchy, ragging (1).


 
How many of you are excited about ragging? Did anyone tell you that ragging is fun part of college? If yes, then don’t believe them! They are the most hypocritical human beings living in the society who never fought for their self respect and bowed in front of people who were neither intellectuals nor learned scholars but after all sophomores.
Those beautiful first days of your college life will be ruined by these fears which will constantly make you conscious of stalking eyes of the sophomores. Within no time and without your knowledge you will become a victim of psychological torture and suffer mental stress.
I bet you. After your very first interaction with a senior student you suffer an ego hit. The confidence with which you move a new environment will be replaced by a phobia. The most disadvantageous in this phenomenon are those who travel far to join colleges and stay in hostels. For some of them it would the first time staying far from home. Such students already facing difficulty in adjusting to the food and environment would be repeatedly assaulted.
Let me tell you that even a mere sarcastic look at you comes under a ragging act. This is how ragging is defined- “An act that violates or is perceived to violate an individual student’s dignity. It involves insult (simple as suggestive sexual, sarcastic or even physical)”. I was scrolling though the Wikipedia and to my surprise I found that popular celebrities like Amitabh Bachchan, Imtiaz Ali and Arjun Rampal have confessed their harrowing ragging stories to the media.
When I joined college I travelled all the way from Hyderabad to Tirupati. I stayed in the campus hostel which was the main reason for opting for the college. It won’t give me the satisfaction of telling if I share my ragging story here. I will write about it one day. But the undesirable mental disturbance I went through was horrible and beyond explanation.
I wanted to cry out and express my sorrow but nobody was ready to listen. I was suggested to take it positively. But if you are human being who would not compromise on your self-respect and ego you would understand what I had undergone. I had my own reasons for not fighting back which off course cannot be excuses but reality is that I succumbed and never fought back.
Our college took its own measures to curb ragging activities. Freshers would be lodged in separate hostel blocks. Lecturers were always supportive and pampered the newbies on campus. They made sure we were able to overcome the starting difficulties. Despite these measures, ragging was still prevalent and never came to their knowledge. Whose mistake was it? Definitely it is the victim at fault who does not speak up. Mine was a girls’ college and in such colleges ragging will always exist at a serious level.
Your question would be whether I ragged my juniors. No, it is not necessary that if my seniors rag me I should rag my juniors. This is the notion which every student carries in mind. A second year student feels like it is his/her right to carry on the barbarous tradition which will not win him/her any credits. You will only be an offender of violating human rights on endorsing the activity.
During my second year there were many incidents of ragging reported in the state and the police of Tirupati held counselling campaigns on ragging. The DSP came to our college and in his marvellous speech we came to know some really important and unknown facts.
The DSP explained that every crime has three pillars- The offender, the victim and the witness. The law courts in the world, all work based on evidences. The witness plays a condemnable role of a prima facie of any criminal case. But the story is different when it comes to ragging. Under the ragging act, there are only two factors to be considered by law, which are: the offender and the victim. The court goes by whatever the victim claims. The victim’s statements itself are taken as witnesses which is enough for punishing the offenders.
If anybody asks for an epitome of a ragging incident a blatant mention of Aman Kachroo’s case is made. It happened in 2009. This was the incident which horrified the whole nation and called upon the leaders and judiciary bodies to act upon. It was in the wake of this mishap that the UGC passed regulations on curbing ragging.
Under the Indian Penal Code a separate section is dedicated to ragging which makes it obligatory for every educational institution to officially file a First Information Report within 24 hours of the incident. Thus Ragging is declared a serious criminal offence.
In spite of these positive developments ragging incidents have not stopped from being reported. Every year fresh cases pop up. The main reason is that the “raggers” are in the first place confident that their parents will not have any knowledge of their acts. The reason why 90 percent of victims don’t fight is because it is not considered as a serious problem. If anybody wishes to talk about their ragging experience which displeases them, please pay patient attention to their agony instead of giving unsolicited advices to forget or taking it easy.
India has several prestigious and reputed institutions like the IITs, IIITs, NITs, various deemed to be universities and top medical colleges. Colleges are the place where secularism is most celebrated. It is ironical that people who access to the top resources in the country have least humanity and courtesy. These top colleges have been in news a number of times in connection with ragging.
Don’t give me the old conventional statement that ragging is a way of welcoming newbies into the college. When a collective interest is involved and after witnessing 30-31 deaths from the past 7 years I see that ragging is no more fun. The students can make use of the RTI without revealing their identity. Sample RTI applications have been displayed for the students benefit in various anti ragging websites.
Why to be scared to fight? You should report if you feel offended at the very first time. Uprooting the sapling is easier that cutting down a fully grown tree. The laws, committees, institutions will all be in your favour. Your identity will not be revealed which is an obligation by law. You will be the inspiration to many other untold stories.
And to the sophomores, nothing more is left to tell.

Fuente:  http://www.youthkiawaaz.com/2012/08/i-am-a-fresher-but-you-cannot-rag-me/

_____________________________

1) "Ragging", in India, is a harmful form of interaction of older people in college or school with youngsters or newcomers or first years. It is similar but not equal to hazing in the United States, but differs in that there is an initiation. This is harassment or insults (simple or sexually suggestive, sarcastic and even physical contact), or force tasks or errands for other people, as well as many other complex activities. Indian universities, highly reputable, have a nostalgic history of hazing, especially in the medical colleges. It has become increasingly unpopular because of several complaints of serious injury victims and strict laws on hazing. Ragging is now defined as an act that violates or is perceived to violate the dignity of an individual student. There have been numerous reported deaths from this practice, by suicide.

 

1) "Ragging", en la India, es una forma perjudicial de la interacción de las personas mayores en la universidad o la escuela con los jóvenes o los recién llegados o los primeros años. Es similar pero no igual que novatadas en el Estados Unidos, pero difiere en que no constituye una iniciación. Se trata de vejaciones o insultos (simples o sexualmente sugestivos, sarcasmos e incluso de contacto físico), u obligar a hacer tareas o recados para otras personas, así como muchas otras actividades complejas. Las Universidades indias, altamente reputadas, tienen una historia nostálgica de novatadas, especialmente en los colegios médicos. Se ha vuelto cada vez más impopular debido a varias quejas de lesiones graves a las víctimas y leyes estrictas sobre novatadas. Ragging ahora se define como un acto que viola o se percibe que violan la dignidad de un estudiante individual. Se han reportado innumerables defunciones provocadas por esta práctica, por suicidio.